Production of quantum dots lead to the concept of quantum computers. Quantum dots are nanosized zero dimensional regions of semiconductors within the bulk material. Here electron motion is confined and can exist only in a few well-defined quantum states. We can place a phosphorous atom in a crystalline wafer of silicon. Above phosphorous atom, electrostatic gates can be placed by lithographic techniques. These gates allow manipulation of the electron cloud surrounding the phosphorous nuclei to perform single qubit operations via modulations of the magnetic field seen by the phosphorous nuclei. Noise and decoherence are the major concerns in quantum computers. Decoherence disturbs the entanglement between two qubits and interference. Since the information is stored in a single atom, noise due to thermal fluctuation will be having a devastating affect.
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